Building pages with Storybook

Storybook helps you build any component, from small “atomic” components to composed pages. But as you move up the component hierarchy toward the page level, you deal with more complexity.

There are many ways to build pages in Storybook. Here are common patterns and solutions.

Pure presentational pages.
Connected components (e.g., network requests, context, browser environment).

Pure presentational pages

Teams at the BBC, The Guardian, and the Storybook maintainers themselves build pure presentational pages. If you take this approach, you don't need to do anything special to render your pages in Storybook.

It's straightforward to write components to be fully presentational up to the screen level. That makes it easy to show in Storybook. The idea is that you do all the messy “connected” logic in a single wrapper component in your app outside of Storybook. You can see an example of this approach in the Data chapter of the Intro to Storybook tutorial.

The benefits:

Easy to write stories once components are in this form.
All the data for the story is encoded in the args of the story, which works well with other parts of Storybook's tooling (e.g. controls).

The downsides:

Your existing app may not be structured in this way, and it may be difficult to change it.
Fetching data in one place means that you need to drill it down to the components that use it. This can be natural in a page that composes one big GraphQL query (for instance), but other data fetching approaches may make this less appropriate.
It's less flexible if you want to load data incrementally in different places on the screen.

Args composition for presentational screens

When you are building screens in this way, it is typical that the inputs of a composite component are a combination of the inputs of the various sub-components it renders. For instance, if your screen renders a page layout (containing details of the current user), a header (describing the document you are looking at), and a list (of the subdocuments), the inputs of the screen may consist of the user, document and subdocuments.

YourPage.ts|tsx

import PageLayout from './PageLayout';
import Document from './Document';
import SubDocuments from './SubDocuments';
import DocumentHeader from './DocumentHeader';
import DocumentList from './DocumentList';
 
export interface DocumentScreenProps {
  user?: {};
  document?: Document;
  subdocuments?: SubDocuments[];
}
 
export function DocumentScreen({ user, document, subdocuments }: DocumentScreenProps) {
  return (
    <PageLayout user={user}>
      <DocumentHeader document={document} />
      <DocumentList documents={subdocuments} />
    </PageLayout>
  );
}

In such cases, it is natural to use args composition to build the stories for the page based on the stories of the sub-components:

YourPage.stories.ts|tsx

// Replace your-framework with the name of your framework
import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import { DocumentScreen } from './YourPage';
 
// 👇 Imports the required stories
import * as PageLayout from './PageLayout.stories';
import * as DocumentHeader from './DocumentHeader.stories';
import * as DocumentList from './DocumentList.stories';
 
const meta: Meta<typeof DocumentScreen> = {
  component: DocumentScreen,
};
 
export default meta;
type Story = StoryObj<typeof DocumentScreen>;
 
export const Simple: Story = {
  args: {
    user: PageLayout.Simple.args.user,
    document: DocumentHeader.Simple.args.document,
    subdocuments: DocumentList.Simple.args.documents,
  },
};

This approach is beneficial when the various subcomponents export a complex list of different stories. You can pick and choose to build realistic scenarios for your screen-level stories without repeating yourself. Your story maintenance burden is minimal by reusing the data and taking a Don't-Repeat-Yourself(DRY) philosophy.

Mocking connected components

If you need to render a connected component in Storybook, you can mock the network requests to fetch its data. There are various layers in which you can do that.

Mocking providers

Suppose you are using a provider that supplies data via the context. In that case, you can wrap your story in a decorator that provides a mocked version of that provider. For example, in the Screens chapter of the Intro to Storybook tutorial, we mock a Redux provider with mock data.

Mocking API Services

Connected applications such as Twitter, Instagram, amongst others, are everywhere, consuming data from REST or GraphQL endpoints. Suppose you're working in an application that relies on either of these data providers. In that case, you can add Mock Service Worker (MSW) via Storybook's MSW addon to mock data alongside your app and stories.

Mock Service Worker is an API mocking library. It relies on service workers to capture network requests and provides mocked data in response. The MSW addon adds this functionality into Storybook, allowing you to mock API requests in your stories. Below is an overview of how to set up and use the addon.

Run the following commands to install MSW, the addon, and generate a mock service worker.

npm install msw msw-storybook-addon --save-dev

If you're working with Angular, you'll need to adjust the command to save the mock service worker file in a different directory (e.g., src).

Update your .storybook/preview.js file and enable the addon via a global decorator.

.storybook/preview.ts

// Replace your-framework with the framework you are using (e.g., react, vue3)
import { Preview } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import { initialize, mswDecorator } from 'msw-storybook-addon';
 
/*
 * Initializes MSW
 * See https://github.com/mswjs/msw-storybook-addon#configuring-msw
 * to learn how to customize it
 */
initialize();
 
const preview: Preview = {
  decorators: [mswDecorator],
  parameters: {
    actions: { argTypesRegex: '^on[A-Z].*' },
    controls: {
      matchers: {
        color: /(background|color)$/i,
        date: /Date$/,
      },
    },
  },
};
 
export default preview;

Finally, update your .storybook/main.js|ts to allow Storybook to load the generated mock service worker file as follows:

.storybook/main.ts

// Replace your-framework with the framework you are using (e.g., react-webpack5, vue3-vite)
import type { StorybookConfig } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
const config: StorybookConfig = {
  framework: '@storybook/your-framework',
  stories: ['../src/**/*.mdx', '../src/**/*.stories.@(js|jsx|mjs|ts|tsx)'],
  staticDirs: ['../public'], //👈 Configures the static asset folder in Storybook
};
 
export default config;

Mocking REST requests with MSW addon

If you're working with pure presentational screens, adding stories through args composition is recommended. You can easily encode all the data via args, removing the need for handling it with "wrapper components". However, this approach loses its flexibility if the screen's data is retrieved from a RESTful endpoint within the screen itself. For instance, if your screen had a similar implementation to retrieve a list of documents:

YourPage.js|jsx|mjs|ts|tsx

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
 
import { PageLayout } from './PageLayout';
import { DocumentHeader } from './DocumentHeader';
import { DocumentList } from './DocumentList';
 
// Example hook to retrieve data from an external endpoint
function useFetchData() {
  const [status, setStatus] = useState('idle');
  const [data, setData] = useState([]);
  useEffect(() => {
    setStatus('loading');
    fetch('https://your-restful-endpoint')
      .then((res) => {
        if (!res.ok) {
          throw new Error(res.statusText);
        }
        return res;
      })
      .then((res) => res.json())
      .then((data) => {
        setStatus('success');
        setData(data);
      })
      .catch(() => {
        setStatus('error');
      });
  }, []);
  return {
    status,
    data,
  };
}
export function DocumentScreen() {
  const { status, data } = useFetchData();
 
  const { user, document, subdocuments } = data;
 
  if (status === 'loading') {
    return <p>Loading...</p>;
  }
  if (status === 'error') {
    return <p>There was an error fetching the data!</p>;
  }
  return (
    <PageLayout user={user}>
      <DocumentHeader document={document} />
      <DocumentList documents={subdocuments} />
    </PageLayout>
  );
}

To test your screen with the mocked data, you could write a similar set of stories:

YourPage.stories.ts|tsx

// Replace your-framework with the name of your framework
import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import { rest } from 'msw';
 
import { MyComponent } from './MyComponent';
 
const meta: Meta<typeof MyComponent> = {
  component: DocumentScreen,
};
 
export default meta;
type Story = StoryObj<typeof MyComponent>;
 
// 👇 The mocked data that will be used in the story
const TestData = {
  user: {
    userID: 1,
    name: 'Someone',
  },
  document: {
    id: 1,
    userID: 1,
    title: 'Something',
    brief: 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.',
    status: 'approved',
  },
  subdocuments: [
    {
      id: 1,
      userID: 1,
      title: 'Something',
      content:
        'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
      status: 'approved',
    },
  ],
};
 
export const MockedSuccess: Story = {
  parameters: {
    msw: [
      rest.get('https://your-restful-endpoint/', (_req, res, ctx) => {
        return res(ctx.json(TestData));
      }),
    ],
  },
};
 
export const MockedError: Story = {
  parameters: {
    msw: [
      rest.get('https://your-restful-endpoint', (_req, res, ctx) => {
        return res(ctx.delay(800), ctx.status(403));
      }),
    ],
  },
};

This example details how you can mock the REST request with fetch. Similar HTTP clients such as axios can be used as well.

The mocked data (i.e., TestData) will be injected via parameters, enabling you to configure it per-story basis.

Mocking GraphQL queries with MSW addon

In addition to mocking RESTful requests, the other noteworthy feature of the MSW addon is the ability to mock incoming data from any of the mainstream GraphQL clients (e.g., Apollo Client, URQL or React Query). For instance, if your screen retrieves the user's information and a list of documents based on a query result, you could have a similar implementation:

YourPage.ts|tsx

import { useQuery, gql } from '@apollo/client';
 
import { PageLayout } from './PageLayout';
import { DocumentHeader } from './DocumentHeader';
import { DocumentList } from './DocumentList';
 
const AllInfoQuery = gql`
  query AllInfo {
    user {
      userID
      name
    }
    document {
      id
      userID
      title
      brief
      status
    }
    subdocuments {
      id
      userID
      title
      content
      status
    }
  }
`;
 
interface Data {
  AllInfo: {
    user: {
      userID: number;
      name: string;
      opening_crawl: boolean;
    };
    document: {
      id: number;
      userID: number;
      title: string;
      brief: string;
      status: string;
    };
    subdocuments: {
      id: number;
      userID: number;
      title: string;
      content: string;
      status: string;
    };
  };
}
 
function useFetchInfo() {
  const { loading, error, data } = useQuery<Data>(AllInfoQuery);
 
  return { loading, error, data };
}
 
export function DocumentScreen() {
  const { loading, error, data } = useFetchInfo();
 
  if (loading) {
    return <p>Loading...</p>;
  }
 
  if (error) {
    return <p>There was an error fetching the data!</p>;
  }
 
  return (
    <PageLayout user={data.user}>
      <DocumentHeader document={data.document} />
      <DocumentList documents={data.subdocuments} />
    </PageLayout>
  );
}

To test your screen with the GraphQL mocked data, you could write the following stories:

YourPage.stories.ts|tsx

import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/react';
 
import { ApolloClient, ApolloProvider, InMemoryCache } from '@apollo/client';
 
import { graphql } from 'msw';
 
import { DocumentScreen } from './YourPage';
 
const mockedClient = new ApolloClient({
  uri: 'https://your-graphql-endpoint',
  cache: new InMemoryCache(),
  defaultOptions: {
    watchQuery: {
      fetchPolicy: 'no-cache',
      errorPolicy: 'all',
    },
    query: {
      fetchPolicy: 'no-cache',
      errorPolicy: 'all',
    },
  },
});
 
//👇The mocked data that will be used in the story
const TestData = {
  user: {
    userID: 1,
    name: 'Someone',
  },
  document: {
    id: 1,
    userID: 1,
    title: 'Something',
    brief: 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.',
    status: 'approved',
  },
  subdocuments: [
    {
      id: 1,
      userID: 1,
      title: 'Something',
      content:
        'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
      status: 'approved',
    },
  ],
};
const meta: Meta<typeof DocumentScreen> = {
  component: DocumentScreen,
  decorators: [
    (Story) => (
      <ApolloProvider client={mockedClient}>
        <Story />
      </ApolloProvider>
    ),
  ],
};
 
export default meta;
type Story = StoryObj<typeof SampleComponent>;
 
export const MockedSuccess: Story = {
  parameters: {
    msw: [
      graphql.query('AllInfoQuery', (req, res, ctx) => {
        return res(
          ctx.data({
            allFilms: {
              films,
            },
          })
        );
      }),
    ],
  },
};
 
export const MockedError: Story = {
  parameters: {
    msw: [
      graphql.query('AllInfoQuery', (req, res, ctx) => {
        return res(
          ctx.delay(800),
          ctx.errors([
            {
              message: 'Access denied',
            },
          ])
        );
      }),
    ],
  },
};

Mocking imports

It is also possible to mock imports directly, as you might in a unit test, using Webpack’s aliasing. It's advantageous if your component makes network requests directly with third-party libraries.

We'll use isomorphic-fetch as an example.

Inside a directory called __mocks__, create a new file called isomorphic-fetch.js with the following code:

__mocks__/isomorphic-fetch.js

// Your fetch implementation to be added to ./storybook/main.js.
// In your webpackFinal configuration object.
 
let nextJson;
export default async function fetch() {
  if (nextJson) {
    return {
      json: () => nextJson,
    };
  }
  nextJson = null;
}
 
// The decorator to be used in ./storybook/preview to apply the mock to all stories
 
export function decorator(story, { parameters }) {
  if (parameters && parameters.fetch) {
    nextJson = parameters.fetch.json;
  }
  return story();
}

The code above creates a decorator which reads story-specific data off the story's parameters, enabling you to configure the mock on a per-story basis.

To use the mock in place of the real import, we use Webpack aliasing:

.storybook/main.js

export default {
  // Your Storybook configuration
 
  webpackFinal: async (config) => {
    config.resolve.alias['isomorphic-fetch'] = require.resolve('../__mocks__/isomorphic-fetch.js');
    return config;
  },
};

Add the decorator you've just implemented to your storybook/preview.js:

.storybook/preview.ts

// Replace your-framework with the framework you are using (e.g., react, vue3)
import { Preview } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import { decorator } from '../__mocks__/isomorphic-fetch';
 
const preview: Preview = {
  decorators: [decorator],
};
 
export default preview;

Finally, we can set the mock values in a specific story. Let's borrow an example from this blog post:

App.stories.ts|tsx

// Replace your-framework with the name of your framework
import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import App from './App';
 
const meta: Meta<typeof App> = {
  component: App,
};
 
export default meta;
type Story = StoryObj<typeof App>;
 
export const Success: Story = {
  parameters: {
    fetch: {
      json: {
        JavaScript: 3390991,
        'C++': 44974,
        TypeScript: 15530,
        CoffeeScript: 12253,
        Python: 9383,
        C: 5341,
        Shell: 5115,
        HTML: 3420,
        CSS: 3171,
        Makefile: 189,
      },
    },
  },
};

Specific mocks

Another mocking approach is to use libraries that intercept calls at a lower level. For instance, you can use fetch-mock to mock fetch requests specifically.

Like the import mocking above, once you have a mock, you’ll still want to set the return value of the mock per-story basis. Do this in Storybook with a decorator that reads the story's parameters.

Avoiding mocking dependencies

It's possible to avoid mocking the dependencies of connected "container" components entirely by passing them around via props or React context. However, it requires a strict split of the container and presentational component logic. For example, if you have a component responsible for data fetching logic and rendering DOM, it will need to be mocked as previously described.

It’s common to import and embed container components amongst presentational components. However, as we discovered earlier, we’ll likely have to mock their dependencies or the imports to render them within Storybook.

Not only can this quickly grow to become a tedious task, but it’s also challenging to mock container components that use local states. So, instead of importing containers directly, a solution to this problem is to create a React context that provides the container components. It allows you to freely embed container components as usual, at any level in the component hierarchy without worrying about subsequently mocking their dependencies; since we can swap out the containers themselves with their mocked presentational counterpart.

We recommend dividing context containers up over specific pages or views in your app. For example, if you had a ProfilePage component, you might set up a file structure as follows:

ProfilePage.js
ProfilePage.stories.js
ProfilePageContainer.js
ProfilePageContext.js

It’s also often helpful to set up a “global” container context (perhaps named GlobalContainerContext) for container components that may be rendered on every page of your app and add them to the top level of your application. While it’s possible to place every container within this global context, it should only provide globally required containers.

Let’s look at an example implementation of this approach.

First, create a React context, and name it ProfilePageContext. It does nothing more than export a React context:

ProfilePageContext.js|jsx

import { createContext } from 'react';
 
const ProfilePageContext = createContext();
 
export default ProfilePageContext;

ProfilePage is our presentational component. It will use the useContext hook to retrieve the container components from ProfilePageContext:

ProfilePage.js|jsx

import { useContext } from 'react';
 
import ProfilePageContext from './ProfilePageContext';
 
export const ProfilePage = ({ name, userId }) => {
  const { UserPostsContainer, UserFriendsContainer } = useContext(ProfilePageContext);
 
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{name}</h1>
      <UserPostsContainer userId={userId} />
      <UserFriendsContainer userId={userId} />
    </div>
  );
};

Mocking containers in Storybook

In the context of Storybook, instead of providing container components through context, we’ll instead provide their mocked counterparts. In most cases, the mocked versions of these components can often be borrowed directly from their associated stories.

ProfilePage.stories.js|jsx

import React from 'react';
 
import { ProfilePage } from './ProfilePage';
import { UserPosts } from './UserPosts';
 
//👇 Imports a specific story from a story file
import { Normal as UserFriendsNormal } from './UserFriends.stories';
 
export default {
  component: ProfilePage,
};
 
const ProfilePageProps = {
  name: 'Jimi Hendrix',
  userId: '1',
};
 
const context = {
  //👇 We can access the `userId` prop here if required:
  UserPostsContainer({ userId }) {
    return <UserPosts {...UserPostsProps} />;
  },
  // Most of the time we can simply pass in a story.
  // In this case we're passing in the `normal` story export
  // from the `UserFriends` component stories.
  UserFriendsContainer: UserFriendsNormal,
};
 
export const Normal = {
  render: () => (
    <ProfilePageContext.Provider value={context}>
      <ProfilePage {...ProfilePageProps} />
    </ProfilePageContext.Provider>
  ),
};

If the same context applies to all ProfilePage stories, we can use a decorator.

Providing containers to your application

Now, in the context of your application, you’ll need to provide ProfilePage with all of the container components it requires by wrapping it with ProfilePageContext.Provider:

For example, in Next.js, this would be your pages/profile.js component.

pages/profile.js|jsx

import React from 'react';
 
import ProfilePageContext from './ProfilePageContext';
import { ProfilePageContainer } from './ProfilePageContainer';
import { UserPostsContainer } from './UserPostsContainer';
import { UserFriendsContainer } from './UserFriendsContainer';
 
//👇 Ensure that your context value remains referentially equal between each render.
const context = {
  UserPostsContainer,
  UserFriendsContainer,
};
 
export const AppProfilePage = () => {
  return (
    <ProfilePageContext.Provider value={context}>
      <ProfilePageContainer />
    </ProfilePageContext.Provider>
  );
};

Mocking global containers in Storybook

If you’ve set up GlobalContainerContext, you’ll need to set up a decorator within Storybook’s preview.js to provide context to all stories. For example:

.storybook/preview.ts

import React from 'react';
 
// Replace your-framework with the framework you are using (e.g., react, vue3)
import { Preview } from '@storybook/your-framework';
 
import { normal as NavigationNormal } from '../components/Navigation.stories';
 
import GlobalContainerContext from '../components/lib/GlobalContainerContext';
 
const context = {
  NavigationContainer: NavigationNormal,
};
 
const AppDecorator = (storyFn) => {
  return (
    <GlobalContainerContext.Provider value={context}>{storyFn()}</GlobalContainerContext.Provider>
  );
};
 
const preview: Preview = {
  decorators: [AppDecorator],
};
 
export default preview;